About

Technical Approach

Project Team

Our research activities include: demonstrating novel approaches of utilizing RF sensing, architectures and signal processing algorithms for networked sensing, and hardware development for accessing bands beyond 100 GHz.  

Imaging edges: When there is no motion, imaging still objects with radio waves is a challenge because information from Doppler is no longer available for segmenting objects.  While most prior work has focused on imaging object surfaces, we consider the RF imaging problem from a different perspective by focusing on object edges.  When an incoming wave is incident on an edge, it results in a cone of outgoing rays, referred to as Keller cone, dictated by the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction. Depending on the location and orientation of the edge, it leaves different footprints on a receiver array, which can act as its signature for imaging purposes.  We have proposed a new processing pipeline around this principle, which can image still objects by tracing their edges.  Analysis and experimental results for RF-based edge tracing have been published in IEEE RadarConf  2023.  

Beyond Field-of-View Target localization: mmWave radar has a limited imaging field-of-view due to high directionality and reliance on single-bounce scatter from objects being imaged. We proposed exploiting natural multi-bounce scattering in the environment to enable mmWave radar imaging of objects beyond the single-bounce field-of-view (e.g., around corners and behind the radar). Prior research on using multi-bounce radar sensing makes specific assumptions on the number of bounces, requires additional hardware or assumes prior knowledge of the environment. In contrast, our method exploits various orders of multi-bounce (ranging from single-bounce to triple-bounce)  and requires no additional hardware or prior knowledge about the environment. There are two core innovations in our method: (i) a matched filtering algorithm that can directly localize objects at their ground-truth locations along specific multi-bounce paths, (ii) a sequential iterative pipeline that performs matched filtering and object detection separately and sequentially along single-, double- and triple-bounce paths, and uses object detections from previous iterations to compensate for the radar’s lack of prior environment knowledge. Our implementation on a commercial millimeter-wave MIMO radar testbed demonstrates 2×-10× improvement in the median localization error for humans standing outside the radar’s field-of-view in various indoor and outdoor scenarios. The results have been presented at ACM MobiCom 2024. 

Collaborative Inference using Networked MIMO Radar Sensing: We are developing NetRadar, a testbed of high-resolution mmWave MIMO radar nodes connected over WiFi, to explore the capabilities of collaborative RF sensing. By combining observations from multiple viewpoints, networked radars can overcome the limitations of individual sensors, enabling wider coverage, improved spatial resolution, robust target tracking, and instantaneous velocity estimation. These capabilities also offer greater resilience to field-of-view (FOV) and line-of-sight (LoS) limitations.

A key focus of our work is autocalibration, which allows radar nodes to determine their relative positions and orientations by matching the trajectories of moving targets observed in overlapping fields of view. We developed an optimal closed-form solution for 2D autocalibration and experimentally validated it using commercial mmWave MIMO radars and a moving human target (Asilomar 2024). Building on this foundation, we upgraded the NetRadar hardware and software to demonstrate real-time synchronization and autocalibration of opportunistically deployed nodes, with results prepared for presentation at ITC 2026. We also developed a Bayesian one-shot fusion framework that combines measurements from multiple radars to estimate a target's full velocity vector instantaneously, even in geometrically challenging configurations (IEEE RadarConf 2025).

More recently, we have extended our work to complex multipath environments, demonstrating how multi-view sensing can both suppress ghost targets caused by reflections and exploit these reflections to reconstruct major reflectors in the scene. Experimental findings have been supported by extensive simulations covering challenging scenarios, and the results are being prepared for publication. In parallel, we have begun exploring synthetic data generation for AI-based inference, particularly human activity recognition using multi-view RF measurements. These ongoing efforts lay the groundwork for more advanced collaborative sensing capabilities and future Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) applications.

Velocity estimation using MIMO radar: MIMO radars can estimate radial velocities of moving objects, but not their tangential velocities. We proposed a method that exploits multi-bounce scattering in the environment to enable estimating a moving object’s entire velocity vector – both tangential and radial velocities. Classical approaches to the velocity vector estimation problem involve tracking targets over multiple frames. Our proposed method enables instantaneous velocity vector estimation with a single MIMO radar, without additional sensors or assumptions about the object size. The only requirement of our method is the existence of at least one angle-resolvable multi-bounce path to/from the object due to static landmarks in the environment. We tested our proposed approach using simulations and experiments with TI’s mmWave MIMO radar, AWR2243 cascade. Initial results have been published and presented at IEEE CISA 2024. We further extended this work by including theoretical analysis and additional results. This work has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging.

Implicit shape estimation from sub-THz SAR: Commercial radar systems typically produce 3D images with limited range resolution, resulting in coarse detail that limits interpretability for higher-level tasks such as 3D object detection and classification. To address this limitation, we utilize an experimental 110-260 GHz SAR to generate millimeter-resolution radar point clouds, enabling us to synthesize geometric information such as object shape. We introduce Radar Implicit Shapes (RADISH), a post-processing method that combines traditional radar detection with modern computer vision techniques. RADISH first identifies surface scattering points from radar backprojection images through a constant false alarm thresholding. A signed distance function is then fit to the point cloud to implicitly represent the object surface boundary. We experimentally demonstrate that RADISH can generate smooth and natural 3D shape renderings of imaged objects, potentially aiding in downstream tasks such as Earth remote sensing or concealed object classification. Our initial set of results have been published in IEEE CISA 2025, with ongoing extensions exploring how RADISH performs on a variety of radio materials.

Crowd analytics using off-the-shelf mmWave MIMO radar:
We have developed a new mathematical modeling and processing pipeline for crowd analytics (e.g., crowd counting, anomaly detection, etc) using mmWave radar. A major bottleneck when sensing crowds with mmWave signals is the blockage caused by the first layer of people, since mmWave signals are significantly attenuated after passing through the human body.  This crowd shadowing can significantly affect sensing quality in crowded areas.  To address this, we have derived a novel closed-form mathematical expression that can characterize the statistical dynamics of undercounting due to crowd shadowing. This new approach enables estimation of large crowds with mmWave signals, and may have significant impact on crowd management and urban planning.  Our initial results, which include extensive experiments using off-the-shelf mmWave radar (e.g., TI AWR2243BOOST), have been presented at ACM Mobicom 2024.
Moreover, extracting key crowd semantics with off-the-shelf mmWave transceivers is a considerably challenging and unsolved problem. We have proposed a new mathematical foundation to enable this.  More specifically, we have proposed a signal processing pipeline that combines optical flow estimation concepts from vision with novel statistical and morphological noise filtering to generate high-fidelity mmWave flow fields.  We then introduce a novel approach that transforms these fields into directed geometric graphs, where edges capture dominant flow currents. We further show how to extract key crowd semantics by analyzing the local Jacobian and computing the corresponding curl and divergence.  We finally show how to estimate the crowd size for any underlying crowd spatial usage pattern using tools from stochastic geometry. We have successfully confirmed the theoretical foundation by conducting 21 experiments on crowds of up to (and including) 20 people across 3 areas, using commodity mmWave radar (e.g., TI AWR2243BOOST). There are two crowd-related papers, one under review in Nature Portfolio Journal (NPJ) on Wireless Technology and one to appear in Asilomar 2025. It is noteworthy that the Asilomar paper is currently selected as one of a small number of finalists in the Asilomar Student Paper Contest, with the Best Student Paper Award to be determined at the November conference. Overall, the work can have a significant impact on crowd sensing, management and planning.

Crowd Flow Analytics with Commodity mmWave MIMO Radar: Inferring underlying crowd motion patterns, space utilization, and behavioral semantics from mmWave radar measurements remains a significant challenge. During this reporting period, we addressed this challenge by introducing mmFlux, a new mathematical framework for extracting these insights from mmWave radar measurements. Specifically, our signal processing pipeline first integrates optical flow estimation concepts from computer vision with novel statistical and morphological filtering techniques to suppress noise and generate high-fidelity mmWave flow fields, compact 2D vector representations of crowd motion. We then introduce a novel approach that transforms these fields into directed geometric graphs where edges capture dominant flow currents, vertices mark crowd splitting or merging, and flow distribution is quantified across edges. Finally, we show that an Eulerian analysis of the velocity field, using the local Jacobian to compute curl and divergence, enables robust extraction of key crowd semantics. We conducted 21 experiments with crowds of up to 20 people and across 3 areas, using commodity mmWave radar (e.g., TI AWR2243BOOST). Our framework achieves high-fidelity graph reconstruction of the underlying flow structure, demonstrating strong spatial alignment and accurate characterization of flow split ratios. Finally, our curl and divergence analysis accurately infers key crowd semantics, e.g., abrupt turns, boundaries where flow directions shift, dispersions, and gatherings.

100+ GHz radar testbed: We are setting up a 140 GHz radar testbed at UCSB, leveraging hardware developed under previous programs as well new hardware being developed under 4D100 and related programs. Under previous programs (the DARPA/SRC JUMP1.0 center ComSenTer), we had developed 140 GHz CMOS single--channel transmitter and receiver ICs, and had integrated these into 8-channel MIMO arrays using LTCC packages carrying 8  such IC and 8-element antenna arrays. To support this development, under ComSenTer we had also made, as test structures, LTCC packages with a single antenna to accommodate  a single transmitter or receiver IC. Under 4D100, we have taken the transmitter and receiver ICs and mounted them onto the single-antenna LTCC substrates, to thereby form single-element transmitter and receiver modules. We are presently working to assemble an 8-transmitter, 8-receiver MIMO radar testbed using these ICs.  Testbed demonstrations of 140 GHz MIMO radar involves close collaboration between mmWave hardware experts (Buckwalter and Rodwell), and modeling/algorithms experts (Madhow, Mostofi, and Sabharwal). 

Hardware design at 100+ GHz:

We are building highly power-efficient wideband transmit arrays at 100+GHz in low-cost semiconductor processes.  Our initial effort focused on a 22-nm CMOS SOI 4-channel MIMO tile. The low-resolution transmitter uses only 2 bits to control the output phase between I and Q planes while supporting an extremely wide bandwidth covering 110-160GHz to add some ease to tuning for future applications and demonstrations. Further, we completed an LTCC package with using substrate integrated waveguides that transition the 140-GHz signals through C4 bumps into the SIW waveguide for routing to lambda/2-spaced Vivaldi antennas. Finally, we fabricated a test board to handle RF and DC connectors to the LTCC package.

These first generation 140 GHz radar transmitter chips, fabricated in a 22-nm CMOS SOI chip with 4-channels, were demonstrated to achieve an EIRP (integrated within our antenna module) of 20 dBm, supporting the output power per channel of  50 mW per channel, indicating a power added efficiency of 8%. During the last year, UCSB completed measurement of five 140 GHz radar modules and reported these at RFIC 2025. Additionally, we have verified all the building blocks of our 140 GHz radar receivers, demonstrating a noise figure in D-band of 7.5 dB. Collaboration with Professor Muhammed Bakir's group at Georgia Tech has assisting our group in the fabrication of the antenna on glass substrate. Antenna samples have been measured to verify performance, demonstrating a match bandwidth from 120 GHz to 160 GHz with close match to return loss simulation. Issues with fabrication were characterized to develop process improvements in a second fabrication run. Additionally, PCBs and mounting blocks were designed and fabricated to support the chip and antenna to be tested on a gimbal in an antenna test chamber. We are also working on packaged versions of 70 and 140 GHz phased-array transmitters and receivers for radar systems experiments, leveraging additional ICs being designed under contract support from the NSF RINGS (140 GHz) and SRC-JUMP2.0 (75 GHz) programs. The support from this project is being used for array antenna, module and package integration and array beam demonstration.  Results have not yet been obtained, as the ICs have required several design revisions and are not yet ready.

Under support bridging NSF4D100, NSF RINGs, and the SRC/DARPA JUMP2.0 Program, we have constructed a mm-wave MIMO backhaul link testbed. We developed 200 GHz transmitter and receiver modules for this, and have recently (10/2026) demonstrated ~100 Gb/s 4-transmitter, 4-receiver MIMO links using 16QAM-OFDM-MIMO on a 200 GHz carrier.

Under support bridging NSF4D100, NSF RINGs, and the SRC/DARPA JUMP2.0 Program, we have demonstrated ultra-low-power and ultra-low-die-area 140 GHz CMOS transmitter and receiver ICs (10/2026). These will soon be integrated into low-power, low-cost 16-element array transmitters and receivers for long-range, high-rate mm-wave communications links.

• N. Tervo, J. J. Kim, A. Dinkelacker, J. F. Buckwalter, "Leveraging Channel Variation in Low-Resolution Digital Arrays for
  Over-the-Air Pulse-Shaped Waveform Composition", IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2026 (accepted)

• K. Park, M. Rodwell, "A 0.036 mm2, 145 GHz CMOS Power Amplifier with 7.4% PAE1dB and 4.2 dBm OP1dB for Large Arrays," 2026 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC)

• K. Park, Y. Nemoto, A. Dinkelacker, M. J. W. Rodwell, "An Ultra Low-Power Compact D-band LNA in 22-nm FDSOI CMOS for Massive-Scale Phased-Array Systems", 2026 IEEE BCICTS symposium

• J. J. Kim, A. Dinkelacker and J. F. Buckwalter, "Towards Massive Digital Beamforming Transmit Arrays Above 100 Ghz," 2026 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (AP-S/USNC-URSI)

• J. J. Kim, A. Dinkelacker, N. Tervo and J. F. Buckwalter, "A 120-GHz Oversampling Digital-to-Phase Transmit Array for Integrated Sensing and Communications," IEEE Journal of Microwaves, 2026

• N. Tervo, J. J. Kim, A. Dinkelacker and J. F. Buckwalter, "Over-the-Air Waveform Synthesis and Calibration for D-Band Digital Arrays with Imperfect Low-Resolution Digital-to-Phase Modulation," 2026 IEEE MTT-S Radio Frequency Systems and Applications Symposium (IMS RFSA)

• Y. Nemoto, X. Li, M. Swaminathan, M. J. W. Rodwell, "Antenna-Integrated, Chip-Embedded Glass Packaging of 200-GHz Transceiver Modules", 2026 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC)

• A. Pallaprolu, W. Hurst, and Y. Mostofi, "mmFlux: Crowd Flow Analytics with Commodity mmWave MIMO Radar," NPJ Wireless Technology, Nature portfolio, December 2025.

• Y. Nemoto, U. Madhow, M. J. W. Rodwell, "A Two-Channel Line-of-Sight MIMO Link at 202 GHz Using Integrated Transceiver Modules", 2025 IEEE BiCMOS and Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuits and Technology Symposium (BCICTS)

• A. Pallaprolu, W. Hurst, and Y. Mostofi, "Embracing Diffraction: A Paradigm Shift in Wireless Sensing and Communication," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Electromagnetics, Antennas and Propagation (JSTEAP), Oct. 2025. 

• A. Banik, L. Giridhar, A. Kattekola, A. Pallaprolu, Y. Mostofi, A. Sabharwal, U. Madhow, "mmSnap: Bayesian One-Shot Fusion in a Self-Calibrated mmWave Radar Network", 2025 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf)

• N. Mehrotra; D. Pandey; U. Madhow; Y. Mostofi; A. Sabharwal,  Single-Frame MIMO Radar Velocity Vector Estimation via Multi-Bounce Scattering, IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging, July 2025

• S. Farrell; K. Li; E. Vargas; A. Sabharwal; A. Veeraraghavan; H. Everitt, "Radish: Radar Implicit Shapes Via Extreme-Wideband Sub-Terahertz Synthetic Aperture Radar," 2025 IEEE Conference on Computational Imaging Using Synthetic Apertures (CISA)

• A. Pallaprolu, A. Kattekola, W. Hurst, U. Madhow, A. Sabharwal, and Y. Mostofi, "Crowd Size Estimation for Non-Uniform Spatial Distributions with mmWave Radar," to appear, Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, 2025.  (short-listed for student paper contest that determines the best student paper award)

• A. Pallaprolu, W. Hurst, and Y. Mostofi, "mmFlux: Crowd Flow Analytics with Commodity mmWave MIMO Radar," under review, NPJ Wireless Technology, 2025

• J. J. Kim, A. Dinkelacker, J. S-C Chien, J. F. Buckwalter, "A 110 to 122 GHz Four-Channel Oversampling Digital-to-Phase Transmitter for Scalable, Energy-Efficient Arrays," Presented at RFIC 2025

• A. Dinkelacker, J. J. Kim, J. F. Buckwalter, "An Antipodal SIW-fed Vivaldi Antenna at D-Band in LTCC for Flip- chip RFIC Integration," Presented at IMS 2025

• J. J. Kim, J. S-C Chien, J. F. Buckwalter, '"A 110-130 GHz, Frequency Quadrupler With 12.5\% Drain Efficiency in 22-nm FD-SOI CMOS," Presented at IMS 2025

• A. Banik, Y. Mostofi, A. Sabharwal and U. Madhow, "Optimal Self-Calibration for Collaborative Sensing in mmWave Radar Networks", 58th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 2024

• A. Pallaprolu, P. Peng, S. Sandhu, W. Hurst, and Y. Mostofi, "Crowd Analytics with a Single mmWave Radar", 30th International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (ACM MobiCom), November 2024

• N. Mehrotra, D. Pandey, U. Madhow, Y. Mostofi and A. Sabharwal, "Instantaneous Velocity Vector Estimation Using a Single MIMO Radar Via Multi-Bounce Scattering," 2024 IEEE Conference on Computational Imaging Using Synthetic Apertures (CISA), Boulder, CO, USA, 2024, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/CISA60639.2024.10576593.
• N. Mehrotra, D. Pandey, A. Prabhakara, Y. Liu, S. Kumar and A. Sabharwal, ''Hydra: Exploiting Multi-Bounce Scattering for Beyond-Field-of-View mmWave Radar,'' ACM MobiCom, 2024.
• A. Pallaprolu, B. Korany and Y. Mostofi, "Analysis of Keller Cones for RF Imaging," 2023 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf23), San Antonio, TX, USA, 2023, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/RadarConf2351548.2023.10149785.
• S. Farrell, V. Boominathan, N. Raymondi, A. Sabharwal, A. Veeraraghavan, “CoIR: Compressive Implicit Radar,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI). (to be presented at ICCP 2023)

• NetRadar-Testbed: Contains the source code for building a testbed of collaborative mmWave radar nodes, which can be deployed opportunistically, sending their detections to the fusion center for collaborative inference.
• FusionSense: This repository contains the source code for the FusionSense team as a part of UC Santa Barbara's Electrical Engineering Senior Design Capstone project.
• Compressive MIMO for Extended Targets: This repository contains the source code for extended target modeling for compressive MIMO radar.

The increasingly used term Joint Communication and Sensing (JCAS) reflects an emerging consensus that next-generation wireless networks should be multi-function, supporting both communication and sensing at scale.  Our vision of JCAI provides a concrete shape to this trend, viewing imaging as a layered network service analogous to data communication, and pushing the limits of resolution and energy efficiency so as to make it attractive to deploy this service at scale. The concepts and methods we develop have potential impact in a vast array of applications, including vehicular autonomy and road safety, manufacturing automation, indoor and outdoor security, eldercare, and healthcare.  The PIs will work closely with industry partners, building on their strong track record in transitioning mmWave research, to maximize the impact of this research.  UCSB is a minority-serving institution, and we will leverage the diversity of our undergraduate population for recruitment of REU researchers. The proposed research is synergistic with ongoing curriculum reform at UCSB aimed at increasing the flexibility of undergraduates to specialize in sub-disciplines of interest, and will be incorporated into the undergraduate curriculum through courses, capstone projects, and REU projects.

Introduction to mmWave radar, chirp waveforms, and extracting range-Doppler-angle information